"Guided notes are instructor-prepared handouts that provide all students with background information and standard cues with specific spaces to write key facts, concepts, and/or relationships during the lecture."Tomorrow's Professor Msg.#495 GUIDED NOTES - IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR LECTURESFolks: The posting below looks at a very interesting approach to enhancing
the effectiveness of student learning during lectures. It is by
William L. Heward, professor of Special Education, School of Physical
Activity and Educational Services, The Ohio State University. This
publication is funded by the U.S. Department of Education under
grant #P333A990046. Regards, Rick Reis UP NEXT: The Impact of Research on Student Motivation Tomorrow's Teaching and Learning ----------------------------------- 1,730 words ------------------------------------ GUIDED NOTES - IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR LECTURES The Ohio State University Partnership Grant Improving the Quality of Education for Students with Disabilities Guided Notes What Are Guided Notes? Guided notes are instructor-prepared handouts that provide all students with background information and standard cues with specific spaces to write key facts, concepts, and/or relationships during the lecture. {See example on page 5}. Guided notes (GN) require students to actively respond during the lecture, improve the accuracy and efficiency of students' notetaking, and increase students' retention of course content. GN can help organize and enhance lecture content in any discipline or subject area. Instructors can develop GN for a single lecture, for one or more units within a course, or for an entire semester-long course. GN follow the principles of Universal Design for learning - they improve learning for all students. Some Pros and Cons of the Lecture Method Lecturing is one of the most widely used teaching methods in higher education. The format is simple and straight forward: the instructor talks (and illustrates, demonstrates, etc.) and students are held responsible for obtaining, remembering, and using the most important content from the lecture at a later time - most often on a quiz or an exam. Advantages of lecturing. Although some educators consider the lecture method outdated and ineffective, it offers several advantages and reasons for its continued use (Barbetta & Scaruppa, 1995; Michael, 1994). * Lecturing is an efficient use of the instructorís time. A good lecture can be presented from one semester to the next, reducing subsequent planning and preparation time to review and update. * Lecturing is versatile. It can be used with large or small groups, for any curriculum area, and can last from a few minutes to several hours. * The instructor has complete control of course content. When lecturing, the instructor has complete control over the level of detail and degree of emphasis with which course content is covered. * Lecturing enables coverage of content not available in published form. For example, findings from just-completed or on-going research projects may be presented to students via lecture. * The lecture method can be used to supplement or elaborate course content. Content that is particularly important or difficult for students to learn directly through text-, web-, or field-based activities can be highlighted during the lecture. * The lecture method provides flexibility. The instructor can probe studentsí understanding and make on-the-spot adjustments to the lecture if warranted. * Lectures can be personalized. Instructors can customize lectures to meet studentsí interests and backgrounds. * Lectures can be motivating for students. Students can see and hear their instructorís level of enthusiasm for and commitment to the discipline. Disadvantages of lecturing. The lecture method also poses some significant challenges for students and instructors. * Course content is often presented via lecture in unorganized and uneven fashion. This makes it difficult for students to determine the most important aspects of the lecture (i.e., Whatís going to be on the exam?). * Students can be passive observers. The typical lecture does not require students to actively participate. One of the most consistent and important educational research findings is that students who make frequent, relevant responses during a lesson learn more than students who are passive observers. (Brophy & Good, 1986; Fisher & Berliner, 1985; Greenwood, Delquadri, & Hall, 1984). * Many college students do not know how to take effective notes. Although various strategies and formats for effective notetaking have been identified (e.g., Saski, Swicegood, & Carter, 1983), notetaking is seldom taught to students. * The listening, language, and/or motor skill deficits of some students with disabilities make it difficult for them to identify important lecture content and write it down correctly and quickly enough during a lecture. While writing one concept in his notebook, the student with learning disabilities might miss the next two points (Hughes & Suritsky, 1994). * Instructors sometimes get off-track from the primary objectives of the lecture. Professors - especially those who really know and love their disciplines - are famous (infamous!) for going off on tangents during lecture. Although anecdotes are interesting and provide enriching context, they can make it difficult for even the most skilled notetakers to determine the most important content. Why Use Guided Notes? * Students produce complete and accurate lecture notes. Students who take accurate notes and study them later consistently receive higher test scores than students who only listen to the lecture and read the text (Baker & Lombardi, 1985; Carrier, 1983; Kierwa, 1987; Norton & Hartley, 1986). Inaccurate and incomplete lecture notes are of limited value for subsequent study. GN help level the playing field between students with and without good notetaking skills. * GN increase students' active engagement with course content. To complete their GN, students must actively respond to the lecture's content by listening, looking, thinking, and writing. Guided notes take advantage of one of the most consistent and important findings in recent educational research: students who make frequent, lesson-relevant responses learn more than students who are passive observers. * Students can more easily identify the most important information. Because GN cue the location and number of key concepts, facts, and/or relationships, students are better able to determine if they are getting the most important content. "Guided notes are wonderful, especially during a lecture. They clue you in on what is important." - College student with learning disabilities. * Students are more likely to ask the instructor questions. Austin, Gilbert, Thibeault, Carr, and Bailey (in press) found that students in an introductory psychology course asked more questions and made more comments during lectures when GN were used than they did during lectures when taking their own notes. * Students earn higher quiz and exam scores with GN. Experimental studies have consistently found that students across all achievement levels those with and without disabilities - earn higher test scores when using guided notes than they earn when taking their own notes (Austin et al., in press; Heward, 1994; Lazarus, 1993) * GN can serve as an advance organizer for students. Some students have indicated that they benefit from reviewing the lecture topics prior to attending class. * Instructors must prepare the lecture carefully. Constructing GN requires instructors to examine the sequence and organization of lecture content. * Instructors are more likely to stay on-task with the lecture's content and sequence. Because GN let students know what's supposed to come next, instructors are less likely to stray from the planned content. And if and when an instructor does wander, students know that the information is, at most, supporting context or enrichment, and not critical course content for which they will be held responsible. * GN help instructors prioritize and limit lecture content. Many instructors pack too much information into their lectures. While this tendency is understandable - instructors want their students to learn as much as possible - when it comes to how much new lecture content students can learn and retain, less can be more (Nelson, 2001; Russell, Hendricson, & Herbert, 1984). Constructing GN requires decisions about what is most important for students to learn. * GN content can be easily converted into test/exam questions. * Students like GN and appreciate instructors who prepare them. Students appreciate and give positive evaluation ratings to instructors who develop and provide GN. " Last semester I developed guided notes for my two lecture-based courses, and the feedback I received from students was very positive. Several of my colleagues told me students in their classes asked if they would start using guided notes, too." - Faculty member in psychology department. Two FAQs About Guided Notes Q: Isn't providing students - especially college students - with guided notes making it too easy for them? Are we just "spoon-feeding" them the information? A: To complete their guided notes students must actively respond - by looking, listening, thinking, and writing about critical content - throughout the lecture. We make it too easy for students when we teach in ways that let them sit passively during class. Q: Why not just pass out an outline of my lecture or a copy of the guided notes already completed? A: Distributing completed guided notes reduces the necessity for students to think and respond during class, or even to attend class at all. Guidelines for Constructing and Using Guided Notes * Examine existing lecture outlines (or create them as necessary) to identify the most important course content that students must learn and retain via lecture. Remember: less can me more. Student learning is enhanced by lectures with fewer points supported by additional examples and opportunities for students to respond to questions or scenarios (Russell et al., 1984). * Delete the key facts, concepts, and relationships from the lecture outline, leaving the remaining information to provide structure and context for students' notetaking. * Insert formatting cues such as asterisks, lines, and bullets to show students where, when, and how many facts or concepts to write. * Use PowerPoint slides or overhead transparencies to project key content. Visually projecting the key facts, definitions, concepts, relationships, etc. that students must write in their GN helps ensure that all students access the most critical content and improves the pace of the lecture. * Leave ample space for students to write. Providing about three to four times the space needed to type the content will generally leave enough room for students' handwriting. * Do not require students to write too much. Using GN should not unduly slow down the pace of the lecture. Two studies found that studentsí exam scores for lectures taught with GN that could be completed with single words and short phrases were as high as their test scores over lectures taught with GN that required more extensive writing to complete (Austin & Sasson, 2001; Courson, 1989). * Enhance GN with supporting information, resources, and additional response opportunities. Consider inserting diagrams, illustrations, photos, highlighted statements or concepts that are particularly important (e.g., Big Ideas) and resources such as bibliographies and websites into GN. Sets of questions or practice problems interspersed within GN give students additional opportunities to respond and receive instructor feedback during the lecture. * Make GN available to students via course website and/or photocopied course packets. Many instructors are understandably concerned that making their lecture notes available prior to class will reduce attendance because students will assume the notes contain all the information they need. However, distributing GN before class may give students an incentive to attend class in order to complete the notes. References & Resources Austin, J. L., Gilbert, M., Thibeault, M., Carr, J. E., & Bailey, J. S. (in press). The effects of guided notes on student responding and recall of information in a university classroom. Journal of Behavioral Education. Austin, J. L., & Sasson, J. R. (2001). A comparison between long-form and short-form guided notes in a university classroom. Manuscript submitted for publication. Barbetta, P. M. , & Scaruppa, C. L. (1995). Looking for a way to improve your behavior analysis lectures? Try guided notes. The Behavior Analyst, 18, 155-160. Courson, F. H. (1989). Differential effects of short- and long-form guided notes on test scores and accuracy of note taking by learning disabled and at-risk seventh grade students during social studies instruction. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Carrier, C. A. (1983). Notetaking research: Implications for the classroom. Journal of Instructional Development, 6(3), 19-25. Heward, W. L. (1994). Three ?low-techî strategies for increasing the frequency of active student response during group instruction. In R. Gardner, D. M. Sainato, J. O. Cooper, T. E. Heron, W. L. Heward, J. Eshleman, & T. A. Grossi (Eds.), Behavior analysis in education: Focus on measurably superior instruction (pp. 283-320). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hughes, C. A., & Suritsky, S. K. (1994). Note-taking skills of university students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27, 20-24. Kierwa, K. A. (1987). Notetaking and review: The research and its implications. Instructional Science, 16, 233-249. Lazarus, B. D. (1993). Guided notes: Effects with secondary and post-secondary students with disabilities. Education and Treatment of Children, 14, 272-289. Michael, J. (1994). How to teach a college course. Unpublished manuscript. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University. Nelson, C. (May, 2001). What is the most difficult step we must take to become great teachers? National Teaching and Learning Forum Newsletter, 10(4). Norton, L. S., & Hartley, J. (1986). What factors contribute to good examination marks? The role of notetaking in subsequent examination performance. Higher Education, 15, 355-371. Russell, I. J., Hendricson, W. D., & Herbert, R. J. (1984). Effects of lecture information density on medical student achievement. Journal of Medical Education, 59, 881-889. ABOUT THE AUTHOR William L. Heward is Professor of Special Education, School of Physical Activity and Educational Services, The Ohio State University. His current research interests include ?low techî methods classroom teachers can use during group instruction to increase student participation and achievement. Heward has collaborated on more than a dozen classroom studies evaluating guided notes, and he uses guided notes in all of his lecture-based courses. He received OSUís Distinguished Teaching Award in 1985. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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